Fig. 2
From: β-hydroxybutyrate and ischemic stroke: roles and mechanisms
Multidimensional Impact of BHB in Stroke Prevention and Neuroprotection. BHB shields neurons by reducing oxidative stress within mitochondria, preventing excitotoxicity, enhancing autophagy, regulating gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, and mitigating inflammation. BHB also plays a role in delaying the aging of vascular cells and fortifying the blood-brain barrier, which collectively contributes to its neuroprotective effects in stroke prevention and recovery. This figure was drawn by Figdraw