Fig. 3

Unguided and guided approaches for making brain organoids. Unguided methods take use of hPSCs’ inherent signaling and self-organization abilities to allow them to naturally differentiate into tissues that resemble the growing brain. The resultant brain organoids often have diverse tissues that mimic various parts of the brain. Directed techniques use growth factors and tiny chemicals to create spheres that symbolize a particular tissue type. Organoid techniques specific to brain regions include the early usage of modular variables to influence the destiny of stem cells. Later phases of differentiation subsequently eliminate these components. Moreover, alignment techniques may be used to create two or more spheres or organoids that symbolize the identities of various brain areas. These can then be combined to create “class assemblies” that simulate the interactions of various brain regions